Aircraft Winglets Essays

Aircraft Winglets Essays Aircraft Winglets Paper Aircraft Winglets Paper Aircraft  Winglets Many of us who fly regularly have most probably seen a so-called winglet or wingtip device at the end of the wing of an airliner at least once. It is showing up more and more often on more and more types of aircraft, thus we felt it’s time to give an overview to our readers about these sometimes funny, sometimes cool and stylish looking aircraft parts. History, Reason and Benefits The initial theoretical concept goes back to times before even the Wright Brothers first took to the skies in 1905, but it was picked up and developed by Richard T. Whitcomb of NASA after the 1973 oil crisis – in order to reduce fuel consumption. The first tests were carried out in 1979/80 in cooperation with the U. S. Air Force. At almost the same time, but independent of any U. S. military organization, a private jet producer, LearJet exhibited a prototype in 1977: the LearJet 28 that featured the first winglets on a jet and a production aircraft. Flight tests made with and without winglets showed that the winglets increased range by about 6. 5 percent and also improved directional stability for the LearJet- these two factors are the major reasons behind using this facility at any fixed wing aircraft ever since. A winglet is a (near) vertical extension of the wing tips. The upward angle of the winglet, its inward angle as well as its size and shape are critical for correct performance – this is why they can look quite different. Air rotating around the wing strikes the surface of the winglet that directs it in another direction – thus creating an extra force, basically converting otherwise wasted energy to thrust. This is a small contribution but can save a lot for an operator in an aircraft’s lifetime. Another potential benefit of winglets is that they reduce the strength of wingtip vortices, which trail behind the plane. When other aircraft pass through these vortices, the turbulent air can cause loss of control, possibly resulting in an accident. Winglet Types In general any wingtips that not end the wing simply horizontally are considered as some kind of a winglet. Even though in strictly technical terms Wingtip Fences are not real extensions of the wing, and Raked Wingtips do not have a vertical part, they are still widely considered as winglet variants. WINGTIP FENCES are a special variant of winglets, that extend both upward and downward from the tip of the wing. Preferred by European plane-maker Airbus, it is featured on their full product range (except the A330/340 family and the future A350). The Airbus A300 was actually the first jet airliner to feature this kind of solution by default, but it was a very small version of the tool. Provided that most of the Airbus planes (including all A320 family jets) feature such wingtip fences, this may be the most seen and most produced winglet type. Even the new Airbus A380 double-decker features wingtip fences. Airbus Winglets as seen from the outside Airbus Winglets as seen from onboard BLENDED WINGLETS (the real â€Å"Winglets†) are the most popular winglet type, leveraged by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, Bombardier but also by Russian Tupolev and Iljushin. Blended winglets were first introduced on the McDonnel Douglas MD-11 aircraft in 1990 with launch customer Finnair (it also features a smaller winglet at the bottom side of the wing). In contrast to Airbus who applies the wingtip fences by default on most of their aircraft (and the winglets on the A330/340 family), lended winglets are considered by Boeing for example as an optional extra feature on their products, except for the Boeing 747-400. For some of the older Boeing jets (737 and 757) such blended winglets have been offered as an aftermarket retrofit, these are the newer, tall designs and do not connect to the tip of the wing with a sharp angle, but with a curve instead. These winglets are popular among airlines that fly these aircraft on medium/long haul routes as m ost of the real fuel savings materialize while cruising. Longer flights  mean longer cruising, thus larger fuel savings. And they also server as marketing surface for airline logos or web addresses usually. Just recently the Boeing 767-300ER has received 3. 4 m high (! ) winglets produced by Aviation Partners Inc. with American Airlines as the launch-customer with Air New Zealand and Hawaiian Airlines following with orders of 5  and 8 aircrafts respectively. 141 shipsets have been pre-sold  already as the forecasted fuel savings  range  around  4%-6% for medium/long-range flights. Airbus earlier tested similar blended winglets designed by Winglet Technology for the A320 series, but determined that their benefits did not warrant further development and they stayed with the wingtip fences instead. Aviation Partners Boeing  claims that winglets on 737s and 757s have saved a collective 1. 2 billion gal. of fuel since they were introduced and 11. 5 million tonnes of CO2 while reducing those types’ noise footprint by 6. 5%. It has sold winglets to 140 airlines and 95% of all 737NGs are fitted with them. It is working on four winglet concepts for the 777 and hopes to finalize a design for that aircraft type by December, 2008. Blended Winglets on Several Aircraft Types RAKED WINGTIPS are the most recent winglet variants (they are probably better classified as special wings, though),  where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. They are widely referred to as winglets, but they are better described as integrated wingtip extensions as they are (horizontal) additions to the existing wing, rather than the previously described (near) vertical solutions. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve fuel economy, climb performance and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same way  as â€Å"traditional† winglets do. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5. 5%, as opposed to improvements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from conventional winglets. Airliners to use raked wingtips: Boeing 747-8, Boeing 767-400ER, Boeing 777(-200LR; -300ER; and freighter versions) plus the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350. The 747-8, the 787 and the A350 will have special, new kind of wings, which do not have a separate winglet, but have raked, and blended wingtips integrated   without a sharp angle between the wing and the winglet. Raked Wingtips on the new Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 As you can see, wingtips/winglets have developed and changed very much over the last 30 years, but are becoming the standard, which is not proven better by anything else than the wing designs of future aircraft by the largest airplane-makers that feature a built-in winglet at the tip of their new, evolutionary wings. Raked wingtip Boeing 787 Dreamliner rollout showing raked wingtip Raked wingtips are a feature on some Boeing airliners, where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve fuel efficiency and climb performance, and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same way that winglets do, by increasing the e ffective aspect ratio of the wing and interrupting harmful wingtip vortices. This decreases the amount of lift-induced drag experienced by the aircraft. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5. 5%, as opposed to improvements of 3. 5% to 4. 5% from conventional winglets. [16] While an equivalent increase in wingspan would be more effective than a winglet of the same length, the bending force becomes a greater factor. A three-foot winglet has the same bending force as a one-foot increase in span, yet gives the same performance gain as a two-foot wing span increase. [27] For this reason, the short-range Boeing 787-3 design called for winglets instead of the raked wingtips featured on all other 787 variants. Raked wingtips are installed on, or are planned to be installed on: * Boeing P-8 Poseidon * Boeing 747-8 Freighter * Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental * Boeing 767-400ER * Boeing 777-200LR * Boeing 777-300ER * Boeing 777 Freighter * Boeing 787-8 Boeing 787-9 Anyway The performance of a commercial transport airplane is typically measured in terms of mission capability and operating costs. Mission capability can be improved by reducing airplane drag during takeoff climb and cruise, and by utilizing designs that minimize structural weight. Operating costs can be reduced by reducing airplane cruise drag (hence, resulting in less fuel burn and less fuel costs) and by utilizing designs that are inexpensive to manufacture and maintain. Further, for commercial operators, higher profits can be achieved by being able to transport more customers and/or goods for a given flight. Because the additional payload increases takeoff weight, it is even more desirable to reduce takeoff drag for takeoff-climb-limited missions. nothing new here right ? The objectives of reducing drag, reducing weight, and reducing complexity (hence manufacturing and maintenance costs) are often in conflict. Adding a wingtip extension member can reduce the drag of a given airplane, but this will usually require increasing structural weight IE winglets bend the hell out of wing roots because of the increased moment arm therefore you need to beef up the wing judiciously on shitty wing designs the weight increase can washout the efficiency increase by additing a winglet in the first place.. Sooooooo Weight increases are due to the weight of the wingtip extension member and also due to strengthening required of the existing wing structure in order to support the increased bending moments exerted by the wingtip extension member. Additional weight penalties can also occur if the extension exacerbates flutter. IE if you fiddle with ANY WING design after flight test you change its natural resonance IE it becomes a new tuning fork heaven forbid it will like to resonate at cruise mach IE flutter.. 747 has a speed advantage over the A340 because of flutter the old crusty 747 hauls ass the A340 could haul ass if it didnt like to shake itself apart at VMO.. ( my personal opinion based on 2nd hand info .. This conflict between the benefits of reduced drag and the disadvantages of increased weight has motivated designers to find an optimal balance between the two when designing a wingtip extension member. One such attempt is described in U. S. Pat. No. 5,039,032, incorporated herein by reference. The 032 patent describes a number of wingspan extensions termed High Taper Wing Tip Extensions. These are also known as raked wingtips. Raked wingtips are generally characterized by leading-edge sweep angles that are g reater than the main wing sweep angles and are significantly tapered (i. . , the chord length decreases in the spanwise direction. ) Raked wingtips offer several advantages, some of which are outlined in the 032 patent. These advantages include the aerodynamic benefit of drag reduction due to increased wingspan, and a number of weight-reduction advantages (relative to simply extending the wingspan of an existing conventional main wing. ) Two weight advantages are attributed to the wingtip taper. At high-load-factor structural design conditions, the smaller chords are subjected to less load and they result in less induced loading on the outboard main wing. These are both factors that reduce the bending moment that the inboard wing must support. Two more weight advantages are attributed to leading-edge sweep. The leading-edge sweep of a raked wingtip results in the center of pressure being located further aft than for a simple extension of an existing conventional main wing. At the high load-factor structural design conditions, this relative aft-movement of the center of pressure causes the sections of the main wing adjacent to the raked wingtip to be twisted more leading-edge-down, thus reducing the loading on these sections and the bending moment that the inboard wing must support. The relative aft-movement of the center of pressure also acts to attenuate flutter. The raked wingtips described in patent 032 range from moderate span extensions (e. g. , 6% increase in span) to large span extensions (e. g. , 12% increase in span). It is the large span extensions that offer the greatest benefits. Regardless of these benefits, there are challenges in implementing raked wingtips on some aircraft. For example, on aircraft designed to operate at high subsonic Mach numbers (i. e. , at or greater than about 0. 0) there is a tendency for the boundary layer on the upper surface of each raked wingtip to separate under high-lift conditions (such as during takeoff climb or landing). This boundary-layer separation has the potential to increase drag and to generate premature buffet. The primary motivation for adding a wingspan extension is to increase the lift-to-drag ratio (primarily by decreasing drag), both during cruise and takeoff climb. If there is a significant drag incre ase due to large-scale boundary-layer separation under takeoff climb conditions, part or all of the takeoff-climb improvement is lost. When the raked wingtip boundary layer separates, there is also a possibility of unsteady aerodynamic forces strong enough to vibrate the airplane structure and to be perceived by the airplane pilot as buffet indicating the onset of aerodynamic wing stall. If this form of buffet occurs prematurely (that is, within what would normally be the operating envelope), stall speed must be declared at a speed significantly higher than the aerodynamic wing stall, thus degrading airplane performance. The 032 patent acknowledges the tendency of the boundary layers on raked wingtips to separate under high-lift conditions. In the 032 patent, raked wingtips are categorized into two groups, one group with leading-edge sweep angles between 40 and 50 degrees and another with leading-edge sweep angles between 50 and 60 degrees. For the first group, the 032 patent indicates that some form of a mechanical leading-edge high-lift device (such as a slat) is required in order to avoid premature low-speed buffet. The addition of a mechanical leading-edge high-lift device avoids premature boundary-layer separation, alleviating the buffet problem, but it adds profile drag, weight, complexity, and cost. Under some circumstances, these disadvantages may outweigh the benefits of the raked wingtip. For the second group, the 032 patent indicates that the wingtip leading-edge sweep is great enough to trigger the formation of a stable leading-edge vortex, and that therefore premature buffet will not occur and no high-lift mechanisms are required. The inventors herein have discovered that under some circumstances, leading-edge sweep angles of 50 to 60 degrees may not be adequate to ensure the formation of a stable leading-edge vortex when conventional transonic airfoils are used for the raked wingtip geometry. As used herein, transonic airfoils are those designed to operate at high subsonic freestream Mach numbers, with significant regions of locally supersonic flow. Additionally, even if the presence of a stable leading-edge vortex prevents premature buffet, such a vortex may result in higher drag than if the majority of the raked wingtip boundary layer could be kept attached over the range of typical operating conditions. Further, the technical viability of any raked wingtip would be improved greatly if there was no requirement for a leading-edge high-lift mechanism. Thus, the evolution of the improved raked wingtip, particularly for use with aircraft that operate at high subsonic Mach numbers. The ideal raked wingtip would provide the aerodynamic benefits of an increase in wing span, while avoiding premature boundary-layer separation under high-lift conditions. Further, the optimal arrangement would not add significantly to wing weight or wing complexity. Both the raked wingtip ; the blunt raked wingtip are Boeing inventions. Airbus A330/A340 uses the 747-400 winglet. The A320 family of airplanes uses the AIRBUS ( opps BAE UK developed ) delta winglet that has an opposite plan-form camber on the upper ; lower half of the winglet to gracefully control the direction of the vortices comming off the top ; bottom of the wings to kinda mesh them together non distructively a clever design by a company with a fine British aircraft heritage .. god save the queen .. All that being said winglets on business jets regardless of eficiency increases are for sex- appeal ..

Wk3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wk3 - Assignment Example table, is found to be less than 0.05, therefore, we cannot accept null hypothesis which states that the average salaries of employees of each grade is equal. It can thus be concluded that significant difference exists in the average salaries of employees at different grades. The first null hypothesis that states that average salaries for all grades are equal is accepted as the associated P value is found to be equal to 0.07 which is greater than 0.05. The second null hypothesis that states that average salaries for both male and female employees are equal is, however, rejected as the associated P value is found to be equal to 1.5 x 10-10 which is quite less than the significance level 0.05. The third null hypothesis that tests whether the interaction is statistically significant is found to be statistically significant as the associated P value is found to be 0.17 which is significantly greater than the significance level of 0.05. It means that the grades and gender do have an interaction that impacts the equality of pays amongst employees on average. Moreover it shows that the mean salaries are equal amongst different grades while they are found to be unequal amongst male and female employees without considering their grades. Moreover in order to avoid biasness in the results the observations have been chosen at random so that the sample results can be employed for the interpretation of population parameters. Therefore mean value in this case can be used to interpret the results of mean values of population. In order to test that the compa values in the population are equal by grade and/or gender, and are independent of each factor the ANOVA has been done using Data Analysis Tool pack of MS Excel 2007. The values are chosen on convenience basis for each category. The summary of outputs thus obtained is mentioned below. The two factor ANOVA has been performed with replication. All three null hypotheses are rejected as the associated P values are found to be less

Short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short story - Essay Example He recently got a job and he wants to be on his own. He has been sick with his father’s constant nagging. He does not like to be exasperated by a man who acts like a woman and talks more than his mother might have done if she were alive. His father has been a widower since he was ten and he never remarried because he said he needs to be the mother and father to Greg. He seemed more like a mother to him though and that was what Greg hated most. He did not like his extra care. He was quite possessive and perceived him like he was a helpless girl who does not know how to defend himself. His father has always been there for him and he got sick of him. He now has his opportunity of a lifetime. He will be just a few miles away but they both know that Greg has no plans of visiting his father for a long time. He clearly pointed out that he will be sending his dad monthly allowances and food supplies. His father started to talk but Greg was already feeling exhausted with their conversation. He glanced at his watch without really checking the time and he said, â€Å"I must go. I still have a long drive to make.† His father forced a sweet smile and blessed his son. â€Å"I love you, son†, his father said and Greg just nodded. He hurriedly went to his car and drove like someone was chasing him. On his way, he felt sorry for his dad but at the same time, he felt excited that he will now be on his own. Arriving at Greg’s new place, he unhurriedly unpacked his things. A few minutes later, he discovered he has forgotten his documents at his father’s house. He is going to need them when he starts with his work so he has to return for it. He decided to fetch it the following day. Back at his father’s house, Greg found the place surprisingly quiet. He planned he will simply go to his room, retrieve what he needed and will not have to look for his father if he is not home. He noiselessly crept up the stairs then he heard a whimpering cry from the

Inspirational teacher Essay Example for Free

Inspirational teacher Essay Dear Ms. Cornell, On the last day of my 9th grade English class, I gathered my books, took one last look around, and wondered if you and I would ever cross paths again. As you erased the chalk board, I wondered how many students were actually as inspired by you as I was. I considered interrupting your meticulous erasing, but decided against it, coming to the conclusion that you had had enough of us rowdy 9th graders for one school year. Your English class was my favorite, and I always looked forward to the exciting activities you’d come up with for us to participate in. Going into the 9th grade, I didn’t think that group activities and reading those â€Å"long† short stories would be something that I actually looked forward to, but you changed my outlook completely. I never thought I would have the opportunity to contact you again as I ventured off to high school to pursue the final years of structured schooling. It’s funny, though†¦as I walked out of your class room, you stayed with me through the duration of my schooling. The way that you taught inspired me in ways that no other teacher could. Your exclusive focus on each individual student you encountered helped me to understand that everyone is, indeed, individual. The creativity you incorporated into each lesson plan helped me to see that nothing has to be boring†¦it’s all in the way that a person approaches it. The little methods you utilized to make large exercises seem small and easy encouraged me to break down my large assignments into several small tasks. Something about the way you spoke to us kids made anything impossible seem absolutely attainable. I am in the process of completing my credentials to become a grade school teacher. I have completed student-teaching for Kindergarten, 1st, 3rd and 4th grade classes. I can now say that I honestly understand why this field is so rewarding. The kids are always so eager to see me. As I did with you, they continually await the learning activities I have planned for them. The various students I have had the opportunity to work with remind me of when I was young and dependent on the grown-up standing in the front of the room trying to teach me all the things I would need to know in life. As I approach the end of my formal education, I felt it was important to let you know that you played an important role in what I chose my career to be. Though the grades are different, the purpose is the same. Watching you effortlessly pass on your knowledge to a bunch of somewhat unappreciative 14-year olds gave me aspiration to practice a career in education. You had a major impact in my life and my hope is that one day I will be someone’s â€Å"Ms. Cornell. † For everything that you taught me, and for everything that you do, Thank you. Sincerely, ________________________________________ Check out the new AOL. Most comprehensive set of free safety and security tools, free access to millions of.

Computer systems :: essays research papers

CONTENTS 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Specification of new Computers by category.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 2.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Designers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sales Support and Accounts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sales Manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Production Technicians  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Production Manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Site Director  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Directors PA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ICT Engineer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salespeople  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancillary Equipment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Printers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Network Requirements  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Server Specification  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communications Equipment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Training Requirements  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Network Resources Plan  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supplier Evaluation and Selection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 7.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reputation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 7.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quality components  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 7.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warranty  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 7.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After sales service  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  APPENDIX A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 1 Introduction.  This report is to identify the various network components that will be implemented and in which configuration. It will also identify the specification of each computer for each section of the company and what peripherals will be used.  The various parts of your organisation that require I.T. support and training are also highlighted in this report.  It will also focus on which steps should be taken to choose the correct supplier and how the introduction of the new network should be implemented. 2 Specification of new Computers by category. 2.1 Designers Processor  Intel Xeonâ„ ¢ processor running at 2GHz  Intel 860 Chipset with 400MHz system bus Memory  1GB dual-channel PC800 ECC Rambus ® RDRAM ® memory I/O Ports  Two 9-pin serial connectors; 16550-compatible  25-pin parallel connector (bi-directional)  6-pin mini-DIN keyboard connector  6-pin mini-DIN mouse connector  RJ45 NIC connector  Four USB-compliant 4-pin connectors (two front and two rear) I/O Slots  One 4X AGP Pro110  3 32bit 33MHz PCI slots  2 64bit 66MHz PCI slots  2 IEEE 1394 ports Storage  36GB high performance (Ultra160) SCSI (10,000RPM) hard drive  16x/8x40x CDRW Drive Graphics Card  Professional Graphics Card:  3DLabs © Wildcat TM II 5110 (128MB SDRAM) Monitor  21† (19.8† viewable) TFT Ultrascan Monitor Communications  Integrated Network Interface - 3Com © Fast EtherLink XL 10/100 PCI with Wakeup on LAN Input Devices  Enhanced Performance USB keyboard with 7 programmable hotkeys  Microsoft ® 2-button USB Intellimouse (wheelmouse) Additional Input  CalComp CADPRO © Graphic Tablet  The specification of this machine has been chosen with high performance in mind. Because of the intensive 3D modelling that the designers would be producing, a fast Processor and specialist Graphics Card were fitted.  The hard drive used has also been chosen for high capacity and spin speed for fast retrieval of large files.  A large flat panel monitor was also specified for increased viewing which is essential for this type of work and for space saving.  When choosing the memory I decided for a 1GB PC800 ECC Rambus ® RDRAM memory module this leaves two RIMM slots free for later expansion. This type of memory has a high bandwidth and runs at the same speed as the 400MHz system bus.  The Graphic Tablet was chosen because of the increased interface it achieves with CAD programs. For details of information sources see Appendix A 2.2 Sales Support and Accounts

Hamlet Analysis Essay

Ghost appears and then leaves Horatio decides to tell Hamlet about the ghost He tells Hamlet about the ghost Hamlet decides that he wants to see the ghost Hamlet sees the ghost Hamlet follows the ghost Ghost tells Hamlet about his death Hamlet decides to get more information / prove what the ghost was saying before doing anything about it Hamlet swears his friends to secrecy about what the ghost said and about his plans to act crazy in order to get more information Offstage trigger – Hamlet acting crazy with Ophelia) Ophelia tells Polonius that Hamlet has gone crazy Polonius concludes that this is because Hamlet loves Ophelia Polonius decides to tell this reasoning to Claudius (side track 1– Claudius tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to figure out what is afflicting Hamlet) Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude that Hamlet is crazy because of Ophelia Polonius speaks to Hamlet and decides to plan a meeting between Hamlet and Ophelia (side track 1 – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern speak with Hamlet and tell him of the players) side track 1 – Hamlet decides to use the players to weed out the truth from Claudius) (side track 1 – Hamlet asks Polonius to have the Claudius and Gertrude watch the play) Hamlet meets Ophelia while Claudius and Polonius hide and listen Hamlet says he doesn’t love Ophelia Polonius and Claudius decide there must be another reason for Hamlet’s madness and plan to figure out what it is by watching him (side track 1 – Hamlet speaks with the players to make sure everything is going to go exactly the way he has planned it) side track 1 – Hamlet asks Horatio to watch the king during the play) (side track 2 – the players enact the Murder of Gonzago) (side track 2 – Hamlet comments on the play) (side track 2a – Claudius rises and leaves mid-play, very upset, along with Gertrude , who is also upset) (side tracks 1 & 2a converge – Hamlet and Horatio decide that because of Claudius’ reaction to the play, the ghost was telling the truth) (side track 1 – Hamlet decides to take violent action) (side track 2b – Gertrude asks to speak with Hamlet) side track 2b – Hamlet agrees to speak with Gertrude, and sends Polonius to tell her so) (side track 2c – Claudius plans to send Hamlet to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern because he is becoming a danger) Polonius decides to hide and listen to Hamlet and Gertrude (side track 2b – Hamlet is on his way to speak to Gertrude and sees Claudius ‘praying’) (side track 2b – Hamlet decides not to kill him then because he would go to heaven) (side track 2b – Hamlet decides to go on and talk to Gertrude) Polonius hides when Hamlet enters side track 2b – Hamlet speaks with Gertrude, then hears a noise) Polonius makes a noise Main thread and side tracks 1 & 2b converge – Hamlet stabs Polonius an d kills him Hamlet takes Polonius’ body Gertrude tells Claudius about Hamlet’s actions Claudius sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to find where Hamlet put Polonius’ body Rosencrantz and Guildenstern talk to Hamlet and bring him back to talk with Claudius Main thread and side track 2c converge – Claudius talks with Hamlet and officially sends him to England (to be killed) side track 3 – Fortinbras is passing through Denmark and speaks to Hamlet) (side track 3a – Hamlet decides that he is not giving up – ‘my thoughts be bloody†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) (side track 4 – Ophelia has gone crazy) (side track 5 – Laertes gets back, learns of Polonius’ death, and blames Claudius) (side track 5 – Laertes confronts Claudius) (side track 5 – Claudius tells Laertes that Polonius’ death was not his doing) Offstage trigger – pirates attack Hamlet’s ship Offstage trigger – pirates take Hamlet prisoner and return him to England Main thread and side track 3a converge – Horatio hears news of Hamlet’s return (side track 5 – Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet was the cause of Polonius’ death) (side track 5 – Claudius tells Laertes that he has a plan to kill Hamlet) (side track 5 – Laertes asks to be the instrument of Hamlet’s death) (side track 5 – Claudius plans for Laertes and Hamlet to duel, Laertes with a poison- tipped sword, and adding a poisoned drink, just in case, to ensure Hamlet’s death) (side track 4 – Gertrude says that Ophelia has drowned herself) Main thread and side track 4 converge – Horatio and Hamlet meet in the graveyard and learn of Ophelia’s death, and see Laertes jumping into the grave Hamlet also jumps into the grave and accuses Laertes of putting on a show of emotion Hamlet and Laertes scuffle then are pulled apart Hamlet feels bad for accusing Laertes the way he did and scuffling with him Hamlet agrees to do whatever Laertes wishes of him (side track 5 – Osric come to tell Hamlet of the proposed duel between him and Laertes) Main thread and side track 5 converge – Hamlet agrees to duel Laertes Hamlet and Laertes begin to duel Claudius poisons a cup and plans to offer it to Hamlet Hamlet refuses the cup and continues dueling (side track 6 – to cheer on Hamlet, Gertrude drinks from the poisoned cup) Hamlet gets scratched by the poisoned rapier Hamlet and Laertes scuffle and switch rapiers Laertes gets scratched by the poisoned rapier (side track 6 – Gertrude dies) Main thread and side track 6 converge – Laertes says that Claudius poisoned the cup, and that the rapier-tip was poisoned, then he dies Hamlet realizes that he is dying and that he now has the excuse to kill Claudius Hamlet stabs Claudius and makes him drink of the cup Claudius dies Hamlet entreats Horatio to tell the story of their deaths, then dies (side track 3b – Fortinbras is returning through Denmark and happens upon the scene) main thread and side track 3b converge – Horatio plans to tell Fortinbras et. al. the story of what happened, and Fortinbras plans to take his claim over the country Part II: Events Tracked Backward for Hamlet†¦ Hamlet†¦ Stops Horatio from drinking the poisoned cup Tells Horatio to be the messenger – to tell everyone his story Kills Claudius Scratches, and therefore kills Laertes with the poisoned rapier Gets scratched by Laertes with the poisoned rapier Taunts Laertes at the moment when Laertes is considering not killing him And Laertes begin the gentlemen’s duel Agrees to duel Laertes Resolves that whatever will be will be, and feels bad for Laertes Insults Laertes in Ophelia’s grave Jumps into Ophelia’s grave Talks to Horatio about death Sees the grave diggers Returns from the ship bound for England Ship gets attacked by pirates Leaving for England, but is not going to give up Banished by Claudius Hides Polonius’ body Kills Polonius Talks with Gertrude Decides not to kill Claudius while he is praying (appears to be praying) Agrees to talk with Gertrude Accuses Guildenstern of playing him like a recorder Discusses Claudius’ reaction to the play with Horatio Adds commentary to the play Flirts with Ophelia Asks Horatio to mark how Claudius reacts to the play Tells the players to act exactly as he has instructed them Tells Ophelia to ‘get to a nunnery’ and says that he doesn’t love her Decides to use the players to get the truth from Claudius about his father’s murder Hears of the players from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (offstage? acts crazy toward Ophelia to the point of frightening her Swears his friends to secrecy about the ghost and the way he is going to act Plans to learn whether the ghost was telling the truth, or just a demon playing games Learns from the ghost that he was murdered Speaks to the ghost Follows the ghost Sees the ghost Hears of the ghost Part III: Stasis, Intrusion, New Stasis†¦ Stasis: Claudius has married Gertrude and become king after his brother, the previous king, died. Hamlet, the son of Gertrude and the previous king, is still upset about his father’s death. Intrusion: The appearance of the ghost New Stasis: The majority of the characters are dead, and Horatio is asked to tell their story as Fortinbras becomes the new king Part IV: Dramatic Conflict for Hamlet and Claudius†¦ Hamlet ~ Individual versus self: Hamlet gets down on himself for not being able to take immediate action or to react as strongly / emotionally as characters like the player and Fortinbras. Individual versus others / individuals: Hamlet has obvious conflict with Claudius, who he believes killed his father. He also has some physical ‘conflict’ with Laertes. Individual versus society: Hamlet cannot simply kill Claudius because he has to consider how society would react to that if they did not know what Claudius had done initially. Individual versus the universe / nature / fate It becomes Hamlet’s duty to avenge his father’s death. Claudius ~ Individual versus self: Claudius appears to show guilt about murdering his brother (shown when he wishes to pray but is unable to) Individual versus others / individuals: Claudius’s first conflict with an individual was before the play started, and that was with his brother, the king. Once he ‘won’ that conflict, his new conflict became the one between himself and Hamlet Jr. He was afraid that Hamlet knew too much and / or that he would try to take the throne back from him. Individual versus society: If the people in that society knew what Claudius had done, there would have been much more conflict between them and him, but as it was, their only real conflict was that Claudius couldn’t take Hamlet to them to be punished for Polonius’ death, essentially because they liked him too much. Individual versus the universe / nature / fate

Dangers Posed By The Fast Food Industry - 899 Words

Dangers Posed by the Fast Food Industry â€Å"A nation s diet can be more revealing than its art or literature† (Schlosser, 3). Historically, few trends have been as popular in the United States as fast food. From Burger King to Taco Bell to McDonald’s, it seems that numerous fast food restaurants dot every corner; in fact, specific restaurants have now even joined forces, so that a Taco Bell and a Pizza Hut might coexist within one building. Statistically, Americans eat a great deal of fast food, and the industry is extremely profitable. People enjoy this food because it is inexpensive, convenient, and designed to satiate desires for strong flavors, especially tastes for salt and fat. However, this food comes at a higher cost than the low prices on menus would indicate; due to its contributions to the obesity epidemic, the dangers posed to teen workers at restaurants, and the targeting of children and poor communities, fast food poses a significant danger to the citizens of the United States. To begin with, the product itself poses numerous risks to consumers. The unhealthy nature of fast food has long been known: these foods contain an abundance of fat, sodium, and sugar. Even as recently as 2006, researchers have discovered additional health risks posed by fast food products. In Fast-Food Fats Prove Health Hazard, Kathleen McGowan explains: â€Å"The dangers of trans-fatty acids --a cornerstone of fast-food cooking--were confirmed in June, when a study at Wake Forest UniversityShow MoreRelatedObesity And Chronic Health Problems With Obesity1660 Words   |  7 Pagesfilm, obesity is the second largest cause of death in the United States (smoking being number one). 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