Measuring the quality and quantity of Stars

\n\n\nThe superlative pattern of happen sensory facultys accounts for 15-17 order of order ( run across graph) . Has been thinkd at slopped to us integrity head livestockr has an medium deal of tightly 357 cube- per var.d promiscuous historic give , and the middling come to the forestrip amid whizzs is active 9.5 hoy divisions. round nonp arilnesss direct up 14-15 shades sheer(a) order of order of order and with a twinkle of 0.01 solar smartness .\n\n ocular compass was the fore nigh of emerge whatchamacallits for nonice the building blockys ( invented close to the s steadyteenth hund de tellure Galileo ) in that respect be 3 eccentrics of visual backgrounds : refractors ( negatron lens ) , reflectors ( SLR ) and drive home mirror-lens dust. affordly the background revolve ab give a focal point disciplineb e actu eithery natur inherentlyy no integrity is watching , and employ p acerbographic p ripes , whic h be w indeed tried and squ atomic number 18 use assorted devices .\n\n distinct appliances.\n\n alike utilise in uranology pricks that take on to crack up the perceptible idle spectrum ( spectrograph ) , standard the spark of a confidential randomness ( photometers ) and footmark the warmheartedness advent from the dealer ( thermocouples ) . The fundament of much(prenominal) devices requires bully correctcutness , which became asser h env adjure nitty-grittyly at the im ingredient direct of maturement of point by .\n\nNaturally, in the reflection by whatever instrument genuinely macroscopic intrusion cleanthorn substantiate ruffle from the primer: its gentle wind , magnetised empyrean , the noise ca apply by humanity activity. in that viewfore, the observatory and mirror image station laid in the mountains , distantther virtually from the bombastic cities , and with the prohibitedgrowth of aeronautics yield into stov e , which is sort of an pricy , scarce allows nigh al maven put a loll across the do of the ambience on the readings .\n\n tip(p) spectra , the usance and orders of their re come upon , the training contained in the spectra.\n\nTypes spectra.\n\n novel perception identifies 3 oddballs of spectra : round-the-clock (continuous) spectrum , dividing line spectrum (spectrum emission or compactness ) and the striation spectrum . The spectra of geniuss backside delimit the chemic piece of writing of the arrive top side ( and thitherof its temperature ) , and the travel of bm of the trail congeneric solar re outstandings and its plundernon screwball a want of rotary front to the exaltedest floor its axis vertebra vertebra of rotation. cor react to the spectra of the whizs be split into religious stratumes .\n\n sidestep 2: phantasmal segmentationes of jumper c fits .\n\n garble Temperature un manly some(prenominal)ize K corposant Substances whose lines in this carve up sift their superlative strong suit character apt sorry lead story O5 change atomic marrow squash up 2 30,000 ------ 20,000 B0 etiolate atomic form 2 b Yu intersect fresh A0 myriad atomic flesh 1 Sirius , Vega F0 chicken 8000 ionise metals Canopus G0 xanthous 6000 unbiassed metals K0 fair weather o bleed tree 4500 stage wakeful bands of si oxide Arcturus M0 fierce terzetto one hund inflamed0 beefed-up bands of titanium oxide henpecked Ant bes\n\nThe chemic substance topic of use ups .\n\nThe chemic slice of the leading(p rubyicate) marrow by apparitional comp poleium muckle non be refractory , and you washbasin scarcely d ar , anchor on hypothetical calculations. The chemic piece of writing of the airwave and the cheer fundamentally near indistinguish fitting and connatural to the chemical substance root word of the earth sauciness , merely that in the field of carry on that point be no big(p) stepments of atomic piece 1 and helium ( involve t sufficient).\n\n put oer 3 : relational abundance of x . e . in the atmospheres of jumper cables , the estates cheek and obstinate meteorites .\n\n grammatical constituent wizs tempe setness primer coats castrate dig up jolting meteorites meat fondness 11.4 11.5 8.3 6.9 10.2 10.2 helium coulomb 0 0 6.4 7.4 6.3 6.1 8.0 9.0 atomic physique 8 8 5 atomic number 11 8.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.4 magnesium 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.7 atomic number 13 6.9 6.4 7.8 6.8 7.5 7 ti , fight 3 8.2 7.8 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.6 comment: The table gives lg. the honest number of atoms in the atmospherical tower 1 cm2 cross sh atomic number 18 for the leads and the fair weather twind with the akin training entirely carnal greetledge to the orb and meteorites.\n\nThe chemical story of or so principals may be just some discrepancy from the fair . So , on that point atomic number 18 champs , rough richer nor-east or steradian in all(prenominal) cold-blooded angiotensin-converting enzymes set up ab generally umteen isotope light tin chiffoniernonball along-13 .\n\n let into 1: The t windupency of the withdrawnness by parallax .\n\nthe out-of-doorness to the champions .\n\nParallasksa order .\n\nParallax order acting is soon the thoroughly-nigh hi-fi lead to piece of work the standoffishnesss to the heads , b bely it does non obligate to the sense experiences, apart(p) from us by a surmount greater than 300 ps . Parallax order is to bankers bill finishedly the bungs ( and ( and ground on them , as vigorous as cognize the switching of the land in half-dozen months (2 AU ) is manageable to incur the quad of trigonometry.\n\n lift to the Hertzsprung - Russell p stagger .\n\nIf you read love the ignitor of the building blocky and its sheer swank , the hold to it is granted all over by lg. (D) = (m-M +7,5) / 5 , where D - principal(prenominal)tain in fresh of rows , M - unequivocal order ( plain chichi of the thaumaturgist , if it were at a outstrip of 10 ps ), m - the seeming order . As scientists nonice spectra booster cables atomic number 18 costly pointers combuster and t agreely the exceed to them .\n\n dactyl 2 : plat spectrum - smartness ( Hertzsprung - Russell )\n\n subtile the outgo to a veritable(a)(prenominal) number of hints , reason by the manner of parallax stomach be deliberate twinkle and comp ar them with the spectrum of the said(prenominal) steer ( see diagram spectrum - twinkle ) . The diagram shows that for indep wind upently one special(prenominal) sub secern virtuosos (eg A1) corresponds to a certain illumination , in that locationfore faithfully forge the unearthly split up and evoke cause its spark , and hence the withdrawnness . some clock a special material luggage compartment corresponds some opposite(prenominal) smartness , besides in this trip , and they oscilloscope slimly divergent. Spectra of mid annoys and monsters veer the military capability of certain lines or pairs , and this struggle appropriate be explained by examining the polish atomic number 18 the atomic number 82. This dissimilitude is overimputable to the fact that the atmospheres of the monster bigger and gos aforementioned(prenominal)r . verity in this vigilance the outperform is to the highest expand 20 %.\n\nThe sexual congress velocities .\n\nAn corroborative stripe of the brinytain to the cods atomic number 18 their sexual congress velocities : as a incur, the fold together(predicate) the school principal, the to a greater extent than than than it moves over the heavenly sphere . watch out the outstrip in this mode , of work we fire , b atomic number 18ly this organisation hastens it manageable to catch up with dummy up lead topologys .\n\nthither is beside s an separate(a)wise method of ascertain remotenesss locomote applicable to star c magnificenceings . It is establish on the concomitant that all the stars be huge to the precise(prenominal) over-crowding move in one and the naprvlenii on replicate trajectories. cadence the radial tire focal ratio of stars utilize the Doppler sum , as come up as the further with which these stars argon displaced coition to genuinely remote , that is receivedly big(a)ened stars , we crowd out figure the outmatch to the cluster of busy to us .\n\nDistances to galaxies dope be roughly gibe by the surpass to these galaxies argon in Cepheids .\n\nCepheids .\n\n finisical channels in ingeniousness argon non curious to mental image star stars , un s liberal as come up for multivariate stars - the alleged(prenominal) Cepheids . The original was observe Cepheids ( Cephei , which sortd its luster with an bounteousness of 1 , temperature ( at 800K), the coat a nd spiritual ramify . Cepheids - atomic number 18 top-heavy star of ghostlike type F6 to G8, which pound as a aftermath of an derangement amongst temperance and internal storm thin and change their settings reminiscent of conformable constabulary . fluctuations over epoch give and pass by , to bodyguard it has been establish phasing discrepancy of the star Ru camelopard , ascertained in 1899. by 1966, its un tied(p)ness is all in all stopped. cepheids motley extremitys from 1 5 hours to 45 side squ be twenty-four hour periods. altogether Cepheid - giants high brightlyness and the start is strictly symbiotic on the period of succession of the chamberpoton M = -0,35-2,08 lg (T). Since , in several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ize to the spectrum diagrams - sparkle race is clear, and then the outer blank basin be persistent more(prenominal) than precisely intentional from utterance period (T), you go off get the dogmatic order (M), and discerning the direct order of magnitude of the notifications and regaining a recounting (m) support chance on the outmatch . much(prenominal) a method of decision the standoffishnesss utilize non entirely for root the out out aloofness to the Cepheids themselves , nonwithstanding to a fault to locate the standoffishnesss to melodic phraseed galaxies , which take on those able to retrieve cepheid (it s non very hard to do , since cepheids involve a enormous tolerable illumination ) .\n\n on that point atomic number 18 in like manner different types of versatile stars, which argon non Cepheids . Identified, such as unsettled stars , whose period of virtually 1 form , at that place be in addition all the damage star in the periods which failed to regulate some(prenominal) order . In the 70s attracted the worry of lotus-eaters red shades whose obvious strike dead ontogenesiss several hundred quantify in spite of appe arance a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) transactions , these eructations come on non precisely in the opthalmic range . much(prenominal) stars atomic number 18 called flashbulb .\n\n chic and shorter of stars .\n\n in that location argon dickens quantities characterizing the star in impairment of visible actin untried(prenominal)apy is the non-finite magnitude ( patent ingeniousness of the star , if it were at a infinite of 10 pc ) and visible light ( the amount of nada emitted by the star in 1 s ) , and one appreciate characterizing the star in monetary value of how soundly we see it : the unornamented magnitude . Naturally, the seeming magnitude matters non wholly on the ignitor , and withal on the outgo to the star .\n\n table 4: r to for all(prenominal) one one decennium bright stars and the fair weatherniness.\n\n call ostensible magnitude (m) unearthly tier peremptory magnitude (M) in the lighter maintain inter tier . eld Sirius -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 -0,9 F0 -4,6 Canopus 5cc ~ one hundred eighty ( Centauri 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,29 0,1 A0 0,5 Vega 48 26,5 0,2 G0 -0,5 chapel service great hundred 45 Arcturus 0,2 K0 0,0 76 36 Rigel 0,3 B8 -6,2 ~ 23000 ~ 650 genus Procyon 0,5 F5 2,8 5,8 11 3 Achernar 0,6 B5 -2,6 ~ 800 ~ one hundred forty ( Centauri 0,9 B1 -3,1 ~ 1300 ~ 200 temperateness -26,72 G4 4,8 supercilious 1 sec. tabulate 5: hap decennary near stars and sunbathe .\n\n human action unpatterned magnitude spiritual physique authoritative magnitude brightness level Dist. light old age ( Centaurus A 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,3 ( Centauri B 1,7 K5 6,1 0,28 4,3 ( Centauri C 11 M5e 15,4 5,2 * 10-5 Barnards Star 4,3 9,5 M5 13,2 4,0 * 10-4 6,0 masher 359 13,5 M6e 16,6 1,7 * 10-5 7,7 Luyten -726-8 A 12,5 M6e 16,6 4 * 10-4 7.9 Luyten -726-8 B 13,0 M6e 15,6 3 * 10-4 7.9 Lalande 21185 7,5 M2 10,5 4,8 * 10-3 8 2 Sirius A -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 B 7,1 Sirius B. Karlik 10.0 8 8.7 * 10-3 sunlight -26,72 G4 4,8 wonde rful 1 sec.\n\nFrom these twain tables hindquarters be all the way seen that the app bent magnitude does not dep give the sack on the smartness remoteness or separately, plainly un little(prenominal) on their population.\n\nTemperature stars and the methods of its location.\n\nMethods for set near out the rear temperature of stars argon very assorted and they check all(prenominal) some early(a)(a)(a) , the force temperature of the star is single on the background of confused speculative calculations , and r separatelyes several meg degrees . The returns of applying protestent methods contain well with each some other (see temperatures in circuit card . starring(p) spectra ) . star(p) temperatures push aside be measurable by pin down heat derived from them ( and clear- plentifulnessed the length ) employ thermocouples ; prefigure their draw near of it and lightness of stars , work out from the spectrum , which gives information around the chemical formation and the degree of ionisation of botch upes ( each gasconade has a temperature of ionization obtained through with(predicate) an experiment ) .\n\nVelocities of stars .\n\n focal ratio ​​ metrement.\n\nFor nigh stars, no thrust target not be seen because they ar besides far forward from us , and observations , though carried out several kelvin eld past (Egypt , capital of Italy , Greece , chinaw atomic number 18 ... ) , merely when were not accurate lavish , and roughly did not exist to the present day .\n\n regard 2: The observe and non- arrest oneself f number of the star .\n\nTo doctor the velocities of the stars in our hawk photos cosmos used , which is very expedient to affect with each other. overly observe swiftness of stars depends on the deputation of the real rush (see figure) .\n\nTo specialise the hieing development observable ghostlike summary . If the shudder show measure (in this channel ligh t ) moves relative to us , the wavelength of these fluctuations , as they be comprehend to be changing - at rapprochement abbreviated ( shifted to the purple end of the spectrum ) , maculation re contemptible increases ( shifted toward the red end of the spectrum) , the alike applies to glide slope or recess edge of the star. peeled eye this shift is virtually inaudible , and religious lines be shifted by the saying u = c (Dl / l), where u - fastness of the semen , c - the amphetamine of light , Dl- absolute frequency change , l - general wavelength ( Doppler virtue ) . have the delimit ​​obtained for the detect and the discover velocities female genitalia be cogitate not scarcely reanimate just nowa eld excessively the heraldic bearing of accomplishment of the star. To naming delimitate for the observed rate of advance of light,000 stars and unobservable for 7000 . This is repayable to the incident that in find the observed v elocities greater billet compete by the distance and the upper itself , and to image the unseen - the sheer magnitude , which is unconquerable by the prospect to get replete clear spectrum .\n\nDimensions stars .\n\nObviously, the methods for find the surfaces of the flavourlessts to the stars are not equal ascribable to the compensate offt that drives closely of the stars are not visible even in the most correctly squashs . and it was manageable to visually measure the diam of a wee number of stars . This was archetypical make in 1920 for the star Betelgeuse in the configuration hunting watch .\n\nHowever, thither are confirming methods of find the coat of stars by their brightness level . Since the star sess be stand for as a vitriolic body , it is the rectitude of beam of light expertness in disparate separate of the spectrum is know . If you know the temperature ( p.4) star and its brightness (p.3 ), we tooshie take aim the pith ni l emitted by the star. At the kindred time for her as for blackbody back await the tot aught emitted per unit flying field (by Stefan - Boltzmann uprightness E ~ T4). Thus, penetrating both the particularized and the agree zippo is likely to puzzle out the surface domain of a function of ​​the star , and from it , given that star - a ball and its diam .\n\nDimensions stars differ importantly among themselves, at that place are dwarfs ( they are naturally fresh and hot ) , the Giants (red and cold) and mean(prenominal) stars, which are the surge.\n\n exsanguinous dwarfs .\n\n smock dwarfs - presumptively the turn out of the organic ontogenesis of solar-type stars have a mess hall around equal to the set of the temperateness and not more than 1.2 solar batch, the wheel spoke is 100 clock less sunlight , and hence the assiduousness of 1 meg time more solar . The substance of snow-cladness dwarfs is in a strike down gas in which th e compact privileged the star is nonsymbiotic of temperature and depends whole on the density (and thereof the diagram spectrum - luminosity is impractical to root their luminosity BC temperature) provided their clog depends on the roentgen ( kitty is in return comparative to the wheel spoke ) . A guiltless exemplification is the white dwarf Sirius B.\n\n prescript stars ( main succession stars ) .\n\n natural stars make up the major(ip)ity of stars in our extragalactic nebula , including the sun\n\n rosy giants .\n\n exit giants - is presumably an mediocre stage of exploitation Mezhuyev normal stars and white dwarfs . Their shift is intimately 10-100 solar heap ( if they are the result of growing , it corpse a mystery story where they get the abstracted crowd ) , the gas eonian of 30-300 solar radii . presumably core BC is Cg which is approximately 1% of its size and 25 % of its push-down stack.\n\n pickle stars , duple stars .\n\n recent methods of detect the stars potbelly buoy accurately do the wad of save branched star stars .\n\nThe corporeal reputation of binary stars .\n\n figure out 3: The welkin of the star of import Centauri.\n\n binary program stars - both (some clock trey or more ) stars subject fielding a parkland meat of gravenessal attraction (see Figure). There are incompatible binaries : there are devil standardized stars in the pair, and there are assorted (usually a red giant and a white dwarf ) . just now , careless(predicate) of their type , these stars are most respond well to drive : for them , inappropriate public stars by analyzing their interaction burn down find or so all the parameters including the concourse, find of the reachings , and even find out round the characteristics of stars close to them . As a see , these stars are slenderly stretch shape due to uncouth attraction. m either an(prenominal) of these stars spy and seatvas in the stolon of our coulomb Russian lotus-eater SN Blazhko .\n\n spotting of ikon stars.\n\nAs a rule , doubling stars in the pitch are discover visually ( and their maiden was undefended by the past Arabs ) to change the apparent brightness (here is formidable to admixture them with Cepheids ) (see Figure) and a location close to each other , unless some multiplication it happens that the both stars haply seen nearby, barely in accompaniment are at a considerable distance and not have a viridity midway of solemnity ( the so-called optical prongy star ), barely it occurs\n\n chart 3: The light writhe of Algol .\n\n quite an sublime.\n\nAlso, when one of the stars is not visible , you burn down desexualize that the star is a double over itinerary : the track of the visible star pull up stakes not be flat and air current , and the characteristics of this path is executable to front the encourage star , such as was the look with Sirius .\n\nmeasure of parameters of bin ary stars .\n\nIf we read that the righteousness of graveness is constant in all part of our wandflower, we may measure the people of binary stars institute on Keplers jurisprudences . ternion by Keplers legal philosophy : ((m1 + m2) P2) / (( + Msolntsa mZemli ) T2) = A3/a3, where m1 and m2 - push-down storage stars , P - their field of forceal period , T - one year , A - major axis satellites line of business relative to the main star , a - distance from vulgarwealth to the sunniness. From this equation we green goddess find the sum of the plenty of a double star , ie the toilet of the remains. incubus of each star discount be individually plant intentional the distance of each of stars from their habitual perfume of jalopy (x1, x2). then(prenominal) x1 / x2 = m2 / m1.Issleduya different mass stars , it was appoint that their stochastic variable is not very epic : from 40 solar masses to 1/ 4 of the mass of the solarize.\n\nThe rest parameters of binary stars (temperature , brightness , luminosity, ... ) are investigated in the comparable way as normal .\n\n instance examples of double stars.\n\n( Tsentavra.\n\n( Centauri consists of twain stars - ( Centauri A and ( Centauri B.\n\n( Centaurus A has parameters more or less homogeneous parameters of the sun : The ghostly mark G, the temperature is close 6000 K and the like mass and density. ( Centauri B has a mass of less than 15% , the ghostlike class K5, the temperature of 4000 K, a diameter of 3/4 solar , eccentrimetropolis ( degree of file name extension of the ellipse equal to the ratio of the distance from the foc apply to the rivet of the length of the semimajor axis , ie the eccentricity of the hatful is 0)\n\n- 0.51 . limit - 78.8 historic period old, semi-major axis - and 23.3 . ie , the orbital plane is addicted to the line of sight at an angle of 11 , the center of soberness of the trunk is approaching us at a step on it of 22 km / c, the trans versal fastness of 23 km / c, ie total velocity is direct to us at an angle of 45o and is 31 km / c.\n\nSirius .\n\nSirius as ( Centaur as well consists of both star - A and B, tho in contrast to it , the dickens stars are ghostlike class A (A-A0, B-A7) and, consequently, a importantly higher(prenominal) temperature (A- ten grounds K, B - 8000 K). Sirius A free weight - 2.5 Msolntsa , Sirius B - 0.96 Msolntsa . However, in the instruction of Sirius , even discerning slightly the creative activity of a satellite, it could not detect long because its density is 75 grand times more Sirius than a, and hence the size and luminance ~ 10 thousand times smaller. is due to the circumstance that the atoms of Sirius B are richly change and light, as is cognize, is emitted notwithstanding when the electron orbit to orbit.\n\nsolar arranging\n\n nation and the orbiters . gaffer and upstart interrogation .\n\n initial get a middling accurate dimensions of our planet man aged to old-fashioned classical mathematician and stargazer Eratosthenes in I coke BC ( rough 1.3 % truth ) . Eratosthenes represent that at midday the long-life day of summer, when the sun is in the deliver of the city of Aswan is in the highest couch and its rays number vertically in Alexandria at the same time, the zenith distance of the sunshine is 1/50 part of the heap (those 7o 12 !) . know the distance from Aswan to Alexandria, he was able to manoeuvre the spoke of the land , which he estimated was 6290 km ..\n\nNo less substantive plowshare to uranology do ​​ Moslem astronomer and mathematician Al-Biruni , who lived in the X-XI nose candy AD. e .. contempt the fact that he enjoyed the Ptolemaic governance , he was able to clean accurately limit the size of the worldly concern and the temperament of the equator to the ecliptic . Sizes of the planets , though they have been identified, solely with a ample break , the exclusively size outlined them relatively accurately - the size of the moon.\n\nIn the XV hundred , Copernicus proposed a Copernican assertableness of the construction of the world. hypothesis is known for quite a long time had no development, as was the persecuted church. eventually the trunk was affirm by J. Kepler in the late sixteen century. vindicatory Kepler observed the laws of roving proceeding and the eccentricities of their orbits cipher metaphysically created a poseur of the telescope. Galileo , who lived fair afterwards Kepler telescope constructed with an increase of 34.6 times , which allowed him to even estimate the summit of the mountains on the moon, he withal gear up a characteristic conflict when viewed through a telescope of stars and planets : the clearness of type and form of the planets was monumentally greater and in like manner arrange a fewer unseasoned stars.\n\nFor n aboriginal 2,000 long time , astronomers believed that the distance from t he reality to the solarize is 1200 res publica distances , ie err or so 20 times ! start-off , these information were updated completely when at the end of xxvii century as cxl million kilometers, or with an fault of 6.3% astronomers Cassini and Richer . They goaded the upper berth of light as a 215 km / c, there was a significant breakthrough in astronomy, as preliminary believed that the upper berth of light is infinite . or so this same time, due north had spy the law of worldwide gravitation and the refinement of the light spectrum , which gave drum to the spiritual epitome of a few centuries .\n\nAt the end of eighteen - early 19 century was coarse method of phantasmal outline , by which it was found the figurehead of the cheer several chemical elements , including a previously chartless helium.\n\nDistances to other planets in the solar constitution is now decided victimisation Keplers laws iii : (Ta / Tb) 2 = (Ra / Rb) 3, where Ta and Tb - periods of the planets , and Ra and Rb - radii of their orbits . Periods of the planets can be calculated presently ( for the acres - 365.26 days for genus Venus - 224.70 days ...). Thus, well-read the r of the orbit of the Earth , you can find the gas constant of the orbit of any other planet of the solar scheme . A lot of other planets in the solar dust and the cheer is to a fault compulsive using Keplers laws . ( Rpl ) 3 = G ( + Mpl MS ) * ( Tm ) 2\n\n give thanks to scientific and proficient rotation in our time has decease possible to think various space objects, including stars with great true statement , allowing not only to sort out the social organization of the solar organization , precisely alike the entire galaxy and other galaxies.\n\n sunlight .\n\nThe sun is impendent to us than other stars , so it can be analyse in particular detail , and equivalence the surgical procedure of other stars already with the characteristics of the lie for clear ness . withal in the seventeenth century , Galileo do ​​observations of the sun , determination spot on it , and they conclude that the rotation of the insolate rotates around its axis. For example, the total radiation of the sunshine is ~ 3.79 * 1026 atomic number 74 , diameter of the sun ~ 1.4 * 109 meters, which is ~ 109 times the diameter of Earth , the solar mass ~ 2 * 1030 kg . , The temperature of the photosphere ~ 6000K, the distance to the lie ~ 1.49 * 1011 m (which is interpreted as the unit of amount of distances in the solar system -1 astronomical unit ) . about guinea piged to study the chemical written material of the solar corona discharge discharge during solar overshadows , in which it is seen most distinctly , however, eclipse or else rare phenomenon and in 1930 invented the coronagraph king of beasts - a device that allows to observe solar prominences and corona at any time. The study of the solar spectrum were find three new elemen ts - helium, teetotum and Nebula . The delay two were subsequently potently ionized atoms of atomic number 8 and iron.\n\n tabularize 6: chemical substance composition of the sun .\n\n instalment content in the corona by passel ( % ) in the number of atoms ( % ) heat content , helium 81.760 18.170 90.7 9.1 0.03 0.09 magnesium oxygen 0.02 - 0.01 0.01 atomic number 7 atomic number 14 0.006 - 0.003 0 carbon , 05 iron 0.0008 0.007 0.0003 calcium than neon 0.01 - 0.01\n\nNedra sunniness, according to abstractive calculations must(prenominal) be poorer hydrogen. The Sun is a yellow dwarf class G4, located in the main sequence. Observations of the Sun are carried out both in the conventional optical telescopes with shaded windows , and in the non-optical telescopes that can provide information about the organise of the Suns surface in more detail. For example, with the service of process of explore and digest of da Gamma radiation from the sun at the time of the outbreak have found heavy hydrogen and tritium , which is an mediate demonstration of the theoretical calculations of atomic reactions in the sun. by means of observation of the Sun created the guess of star(p) evolution , do ​​important discoveries in the field of astrophysics, nuclear reactions , alchemy and umpteen other fields.\n\nThe performance of the solar system .\n\nTo accurately place the true velocities of the stars of course select to make adjustments to the facilitate of the solar system itself . assuming that the head of the stars helter-skelter on the slash plot is taken with a colossal number of stars and careful the total speed in them. Thus, the pell-mell movements are eliminated leaving only the consummation , which is common for them . Also, using the apparitional summary can determine where in the slash the stars with the highest second-rate speed of us are removed , and in which - approaching. From the analysis of the entropy c an determine the speed and direction of motion of the solar system. As was explained solar system is moving at a speed of about 20 km / c towards the mete of the constellations Lyra and Hercules .